Doctorate degree Essay Example for Free

Doctorate degree Essay Completing a doctorate degree in any college or university always presents many challenges and difficulties for every student. Statistics from studies have shown that roughly half of all incoming doctoral students will drop out, two-thirds of whom will do so during their second and third years (Smallwood, 2004). Graduate school demands a lot of focus and determination because it is a focused occupation (Jerrard, 1998). Graduate Studies also require a lot of time and commitment. There are no scheduled breaks for graduate school unlike in undergraduate studies where there are winter, spring, summer, and fall breaks off. Pursuing graduate studies entails that a student must be able to keep up with the academic load that is required while at the same time be able to deal with the other demands off campus (Smallwood, 2004). That being said, it is time to examine the challenges that students face in graduate studies. There are numerous challenges for students who are pursuing graduate studies. One of the major challenges involves the transition from undergraduate school to graduate school and the academic mentality that is required. The academic mentality problem that most students and individuals who enter graduate studies without any real work experience have is that they fail to make the necessary transition from rote memorization in undergraduate education to creative research in doctoral training (Smallwood, 2004). Often times in graduate study, a student is required to provide not merely a recitation of the facts and details but an in-depth analysis of the issue and to provide solutions or strategies that can be employed in dealing with the scenario. This is what causes a lot of students to drop out because they are unable to adjust to the demands to graduate school. The main challenges therefore for any individual pursuing graduate studies are academic mentality or mind set, stress and financial burdens. These challenges however, as shown in this short discourse, do not necessarily have to act as a hindrance to completing a graduate study degree or program as there are certain strategies that can be employed to ensure one’s success. These strategies can be summed up into three key points; learning how to think, time management and saving for a rainy day. If these three strategies can be implemented properly, the success of an individual in Graduate Study is virtually secured.

The Reality of Divorce in American Society Essay -- Divorce Marriage R

The Reality of Divorce in American Society As with most life transitions, divorce can be liberating, depressing, frustrating, or traumatic to any person who experiences it. Perhaps the most painful part on the process of divorce is when the children get involved and when they all get trapped in the situation. These children may suffer significant losses in their lives and unless the situation can be handled in a civil manner, they will become prone to the psychological torment that could affect them for the rest of their lives. The issue of divorce however is becoming more and more intense since for the past ten years the divorce rate in the United States has skyrocketed to a record high of almost fifty- percent. It is also believed that the divorce rate in the United States is the highest in the world and the reason for this are primarily the ever-changing role of the husbands and wives in their household, early marriage, infidelity, extra marital affairs, domestic violence, financial instability and psychological incapacity . The issue of divorce is not only the main problem in the American society of today. The custody issue on who is going to gain the right to take care of the children wholly is also a tough one. For the past decade, divorce and the custody battle have rapidly become a significant life event for perhaps millions of Americans each year. â€Å"There were more than two million divorces each year, affecting 3 million adults and more than two million children (Thompson, Parting 18).† Thus we can prognosticate that the American family of today is definitely ill and is in great need of a revival. The first and probably the most important step in order for couples to have a solid relationship is education. Education is the key to lowering divorce rate. Divorce is one of those issues where private and personal behavior exacts a huge public cost, â€Å"but because divorce and marriage are such intensely personal issues, most citizens are loath to support any program that injects government into the process (Uncoupling 223).† We share the view that new laws or public programs cannot solve this crisis. However, it seems equally clear we cannot sit idle as divorce ravages families and society. Couples who are planning to get married should somehow take a step in advance to learn about the process of marriage and the circumstances that surround it. The... ...use for this emotion. Another negative and most common feeling that arises is that of distrust. Trust is a two-way street. Both partners must not only trust, but also be trustworthy through sharing experiences with one another. Marriage is a very joyful event in a person’s life. However, unless much can be done in order to redefine the status of what marriage is all about, divorce and other marital problems will continue to arise tremendously. Divorce is tumultuous event in a married couple’s life. It does not only affect the financial status of the household, but rather it also affects the people that comprises the family especially the children. Families are experiencing many problems today, but the role of divorce in this picture has been frequently overlooked because its destructive effects have been subtle, yet insidious. When the divorce rate increased in the 1960s, few would have predicted its dire consequences three decades later. Yet divorce has changed both the structure and the impact of the family. Intimacy, time, effort trust and love is the key to have a peaceful and healthy relationship. Marriage for life is God's ideal, but divorce is a reality in our society.

Discuss psychological explanations of one eating disorder

Discuss Psychological explanations of one eating disorder. (8+16) Psychological explanations of obesity Include the psychodrama and the behaviorism approach. Behaviorism suggests three means by which obesity may occur; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning theory. There Is a great deal of evidence for the behavioral explanation. Classical conditioning is where eating becomes associated with other behaviors that are often routine, leading to eating when not hungry for example snacking whilst watching TV.Evidence for this as a cause of obesity comes from Fletcher et alls ‘Do something different' study which shows how breaking such habitual associations prevents overeating, and so leads to weight loss, even for people who are not actually dieting. Furthermore, evidence for the role of operant conditioning, which is related to food being used as a reward, comes from Wanting at al who noted that people can turn to food and eat excessively for comfort, usin g food as a reward.However, operant conditioning alone cannot explain obesity, as we know there are biological factors which affect how rewarding retain foods are, therefore the behavioral approach as an explanation of obesity can be seen as reductionism. Operant conditioning, although not offering a full explanation for the causes of obesity, does have some good practical applications. Techniques using operant conditioning have been very successful in reinforcing healthy eating practices.Devoid and Yankton found Up's on such a programmer has an average weight loss of between 1 5 and 20 Lbs on the scheme. However, Just because it is successful in treating the eating disorder doesn't mean it can be seen as a viable cause for obesity. Social Learning theory is the third means by which the behaviorism approach suggests obesity may occur and it suggests that obesity is due to observing and imitating obese role models, particularly people we identify with in some way.In order for this to be valid, the relationship between one obese person and the role models around them has to be assessed. Chalks and Fowler did Just that and found that a person's chance of becoming obese Increased by 57% If they had a friend who became obese. However, although many extraneous variables were enthroned in this study, it was still only correlation in nature and correlation does not indicate causation meaning other factors such as biology or culture cannot be ruled out as other possible contributing factors to obesity.Although there is a great deal of evidence to support the behaviorism approach it can be seen as limited as it ignores biological and genetic factors that also have a great deal of support with regards to causing obesity, egg Standard et al who found a strong relationship between adopted and genetic mother's weight and no relationship between adopted and adoptive arena's weight. However, taking the deterministic nature of the behaviorism approach as a positive It does hav e an optimistic message with regards to beating obesity.Due to the fact the basis of the behaviorism approach Is that all behaviors are learned and can therefore be unlearned, means that obese people may be more willing to try dieting and other forms of lifestyle change more readily than if they futile. There is a problem with this view however as it focuses on the role of nurture rather than nature which can often cause blame to be put onto parents for their bees children.While in some cases this can have a positive effect as the parent realizes the necessity of educating their child on healthy food choices and not associating certain activities with food, it can also raise ethical issues as families are not protected from potential emotional harm from being blamed for their obese child's health issues. In addition to the behaviorism explanation of obesity, the psychodrama explanation of obesity offers an alternative on the causes of this eating disorder.The psychodrama explanation of obesity is based around Fraud's incept of problem behaviors in adult hood being due to unresolved conflicts that occurred during childhood development through the psychosocial stages with obesity being linked to unconscious desires of the oral phase. This could be caused by a lack of gratification in the oral stage or over gratification and both could lead to obesity. Evidence for the role of the ID (a structure of the unconscious mind that is concerned with gratifying needs) and oral fixation come from Grant and Borders who found that adult loneliness was a key issue in overeating for all Up's.Furthermore, bused Up's used food to ‘numb pain' whereas non abused Up's used it to recreate warmth and nurturing experienced in childhood that they missed in their lonely adult life. This shows the effect of both under and over gratification in the oral stage of psychosocial development. It seems that as an adult, emotional difficulties or trauma may lead to regression to the oral stage thus overeating. Eating may also result as a substitute for affection.However there are a few issues with this study; there was only a very small sample and the fact that the research was very sensitive means that the reliability of Up's recall may be questionable. However, as with the behavioral approach, there are practical applications associated with the psychodrama approach for example it highlights the need for social support; if a person does not feel lonely at a time of emotional distress, it seems the regression back to the oral stage and thus overeating may not occur.In addition to social support, the psychodrama explanation of obesity highlights the cause which can then be used to treat obesity, which in this case is a symptom of a larger problem; Hereford there is optimism attached to this explanation as with the behaviorism approach. Furthermore, Rounded et al has also found a link between childhood abuse and obesity. They found that child sexual abuse is associat ed with a doubling of odds of obesity in a telephone sample of 4,641 women.However once again there are methodological issues regarding this research as it is geocentric so cannot be generalizes to the wider population of both men and women- it lacks population validity. There is also further supportive evidence from Williamson et al who found NY form of abuse can lead to an increased chance of obesity showing regression into childhood and the oral phase in order to find missed gratification.However, there are many issues regarding the psychodrama approach including the fact that it cannot be investigated scientifically using the features of science that psychology attempts to follow. It is speculative in nature and based on philosophy of the mind rather than scientific fact. Therefore the validity and reliability of the explanation of obesity is very low. It can never be scientifically proven due to its nature so will

Sexual Abuse and Assault Against Women - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1321 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Sexual Assault On College Campuses Essay Did you like this example? Sexual assault is defined as any kind of sexual activity or contact that a person does not want or consent to. About 20-25% of women are sexually assaulted in college, most likely sorority girls and other females living on-campus (The Role Alcohol). Heterosexual women are less likely to be sexually assaulted or raped than homosexuals (Basile). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexual Abuse and Assault Against Women" essay for you Create order Sexual assault is a prodigious problem that occurs all over, but, but it is most paradigmatic in colleges and universities. Universities need to do more to deter sexual assault in their walls. J.K. Rowling once said, â€Å"Indifference and neglect often do much more damage than outright dislike.† A good example of the neglect and/or indifference some universities have on sexual assault is Yale. On October 13 at Yale, Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) fraternity pledges chanted obscenities such as, â€Å"No means yes! Yes means anal!† and â€Å" My name is Jack, I’m a necrophiliac; I fuck dead women, and fill them with my semen!† through the residential section of Yale’s campus (Korn). The Yale Women’s Center denounced their actions as â€Å"hate speech† and â€Å"an active call for sexual violence.† Although the frat did apologize, the Yale Daily News defended the frat by labeling the response of Yale Women’s Center an â€Å"overreaction,† and claiming that â€Å"feminists at Yale should remember that, on a campus as progressive as ours, most of their battles are already won: All of us agree on gender equality.† Like DKE, the Yale Daily News has apologized for that article, but not before Yale students read the a rticle, thus, deciding to condemn the Women’s Center for its reaction; furthermore, a â€Å"pre-season scouting report† which discussed the hottest freshmen girls promulgated around the University in 2009. Another fraternity at Yale took photos of their pledges standing outside the Women’s Center holding signs that read, â€Å" We Love Yale Sluts.† Somehow, Yale’s administration has allowed, or at least neglected to take full notice, of the chauvinistic acts its students have exhibited. Another, more well-known incident is the Brock Turner Case. In January of 2015, an Emily Doe (she wished to remain anonymous) was raped behind a dumpster whilst attending a Stanford college party with her younger sister. Brock Turner, the rapist, was convicted in March and faced up to 14 years in prison. Turner received only six months in jail and three years of probation because the judge worried about the â€Å"severe impact† that a harsher punishment might leave on the elite university athlete (Miller). â€Å"A woman is found unconscious behind the dumpster, pine needles in her hair, naked, wounded, assaulted. Meanwhile, meanwhile everyone is more concerned with the assailant’s appetite, rather than the survivor’s autonomy† (Baird). Baird is referring to the Brock Turner case and the pathetic excuse his father, Dan Turner, used to get him the light sentence. In a letter he wrote in defense of his son, Dan wrote â€Å"His life will never be the one tha t he dreamed about and worked so hard to achieveThat is a steep price to pay for 20 minutes of action out of his 20 plus years of life† (Miller). Turner’s letter was in response to Ms. Emily Doe’s letter to the court. In her 12-page letter, she reiterates every last detail of the night of January 15, 2015- the day she was raped- up to the day of the court hearing. She then responds to some of the defendant’s statements, fueled with anger. Despite the incriminating evidence, Brock was still spared because of the alcohol in her system and her lack of memory. There is no one and nothing to blame for being sexually assaulted. It does not happen for one reason or another, but rather a multiple of reasons. Approximately 50% of student sexual assaults do involve alcohol, 43% of which is used by the victim and 69% used by the perpetrator. The numbers jump to 90% of rapes involving alcohol when the victim is assaulted by his/her acquaintance (The Role Alcohol). College is usually when most young adults experiment with alcohol and drugs for the first time, incapacitating them and leaving them to fall victim. Though these substances are most common for sexual assault, it’s not only reason it occurs. Only 20% of college-aged women who survive sexual assault report it (Basile). Victims might be worrisome to report out of fear or embarrassment; thus, they seal their lips and attempt to forget. â€Å"Once I forgave a predator because I was afraid to start drama in our friend groupno one around me said anything, so I didn’t say anything . Because I didn’t wanna make a scene. (Baird). Peer pressure also plays a big role in sexual assault. Being around other students their own age, many people just want to fit in, so they do things they’re uncomfortable with. Even if they don’t want to, they sip on alcohol, hesitantly take drugs with their new friends, go to parties, and maybe even engage in sexual activities like many others (Basile). In many cases, the courts and much of society blames the victim for being assaulted. Time and time again, people have said, â€Å"She should have been more careful. This is why you always stay in packs and never go off alone. She should have watched her alcohol intake. If she wasn’t drunk, then this wouldn’t have happened,† and one of the most common excuses used to justify the assailant’s actions, â€Å"With what she was wearing, she was obviously asking for it.† No one asks to be assaulted, but society keeps blaming the victim rather than the assailant’s lack of self-control. In college, the victim and the assailant are both adult s; therefore, it’s not all the victim’s fault. There have been many inventions to help prevent and reduce sexual assaults. â€Å"We had to invent nail polish to change color in drugged drinks and apps to virtually walk us home and lipstick shaped mace and underwear designed to prevent rape† (Baird). Since childhood, girls have been told to be careful, stay in groups, and warned about the girls on the news and missing milk cartons. They have been warned to watch their drinks and never trust a boy. They have been taught to live in fear, yet that still isn’t keeping them safe, but inflicting more fear and distrust towards men. These warnings have made it seem like all males are malicious, but that’s not true. In order to solve this problem of sexual assaults and misguidance- not just avert it- universities, and society as a whole, should teach the boys and girls a better way. Teach the boys how treat girls, teach the girls how to fight and trust their â€Å"gut,† and take more actions when sexual assaul t does occur. The victim should speak up when something happens, others around them should say something when they see a bad situation, and incriminate the assaulter when he has done wrong. Works Cited Baird, Blythe. Pocket-Sized Feminism. YouTube, YouTube, 16 Feb. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=vT74LH0W8ig. Baird, Blythe. For The Rapists Who Called Themselves Feminists. YouTube, YouTube, 7 Aug. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJRKJ_z9iAk. Basile, Kathleen C, et al. â€Å"Sexual Assault on College Campuses Is Common.† Womenshealth.gov, Office of Womens Health, 13 Sept. 2018, www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/sexual-assault-and-rape/college-sexual-assault. B-Turner VIS, Santa Clara County Superior Court Cong., 1-13 (2016) (testimony of Emily Doe), https://www.sccgov.org/sites/da/newsroom/newsreleases/Documents/B- Turner%20VIS.pdf, (PDF). Korn, Sandra Y.L. â€Å"The Harvard Crimson.† The Harvard Crimson, 15 Nov. 2010, www.thecrimson.com/article/2010/11/12/yale-dke-harvard-womens/. Miller, Michael E. â€Å"A Steep Price to Pay for 20 Minutes of Action: Dad Defends Stanford Sex Offender.† The Washington Post, WP Company, 6 June 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/06/a-steep-price-to-pay-for-20-minutes-of-action-dad-defends-stanford-sex-offender/?utm_term=.cddacd33f5f8. â€Å"The Role Alcohol Plays in Sexual Assaults on College Campuses.† Alcohol.org, American Addiction Centers, 2017, www.alcohol.org/effects/sexual-assault-college-campus/.